PAVASTÂ: Clay Tablet

When a world ends, words remain...


Tup-šinnu

Treasure Chest...



Research

Selected research...




General

A History of Writing: From hieroglyph to multimedia
, edited by Anne-Marie Christin, English language edition (Paris: Flammarin, 2002)

Brosius, Maria: Ancient Archives and Archival Traditions (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003)

Burrow, John: A History of Histories: Epics, Chronicles, Romances and Inquiries from Herodotus and Thucydides to the Twentieth Century (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2008)

Campbell, Joseph: The Masks of God: Occidental Mythology,  (New York: The Viking Press, 1964)

Ferrill, Arthur: The Origins of War: From the Stone Age to Alexander the Great (London: Thames and Hudson, 1985)

Finley, M. I.: Ancient History, Evidence and Models (New York: Elizabeth Sifton Books, Viking, 1986)

James, E. O.: The Ancient Gods: The History and Diffusion of Religion in the Ancient Near East and the Eastern Mediterranean (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1960)

The Ancient Near Eastern Texts: Relating to the Old Testament
, edited by James B. Pritchard, Third edition with supplement (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969)

The Ancient Near East
, edited by James B. Pritchard, Vols. I and II (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1958, 1975)

The Bible and the Ancient Near East
, edited by G. Ernest Wright (Garden City: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1961)

The History of al-Tabarî
, Vol. IV, The Ancient Kingdoms, translated and annotated by Moshe Perlmann (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1987)

Van De Mieroop, Marc: Cuneiform Texts and the Writing of History (London: Routledge, 1999)

Warry, John: Warfare in the Classical World (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1995)

Wonders of the Past
, edited by Sir J. A. Hammerton, 2 Vols. (New York: Wise & Co., 1937)
 

Babylonian

Babylonian Historical Texts: Relating to the Capture and Downfall of Babylon, translated by Sidney Smith, M.A. (Hilde Sheim: Georg Olms Verlag, 1924, 1975)

Beaulier, Paul-Alain: The Reign of Nabonidus: King of Babylon 556-539 B.C. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989)

Cuneiform Parallels to the Old Testament
, translated and edited by Robert William Rogers, 2nd edition with corrections (New York : The Abingdon Press, 1926)

Grayson, Albert Kirk: Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles (Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 2000) reprinted from 1975 J. J. Augustin edition

Oppenheim, A. Leo: Ancient Mesopotamia: Portrait of a Dead Civilization, revised edition, completed by Erica Reiner (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1964, 1977)

Rawlinson, H. G. and Pinches, T. G.: A Selection from the Miscellaneous Inscriptions of Assyria and Babylonia, Cuneiform Inscription of Western Asia (London: Harrison, 1909)

Schaudig, Hanspeter: Die Inschriften Nabonids von Babylon und Kyros’ des Großen samt den in ihrem Umfeld entstanddenen Tendenzschriften. Textausgabe und Grammatik (Münster: Ugarit Verlag, 2001)

The Ancient Near East: Historical Sources in Translation, edited by Mark W. Chavalas (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2006)


Hellene

Asheri, David, Lloyd, Alan and Corcella, Aldo: A Commentary on Herodotus: Books I-IV, edited by Oswyn Murray and Alfonso Moreno with a contribution from Maria Brosius, translated by Barbara Graziosi, Matteo Rossetti, Carlotta Dus, and Vanessa Cazzato (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007)

Avery, Harry C.: “Herodotus’ Picture of Cyrus”, The American Journal of Philology, Vol. 93, No. 4. (Oct., 1972), pp. 529-546

Bengtson, Hermann: The Greeks and the Persian: From the Sixth to the Fourth Centuries (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1965, 1968)

Brill’s Companion to Herodotus
, edited by Egbert J. Bakker, Irene J. F. De Jong, and Hans Van Wees (Leiden: Brill, 2002)

Bryce, Trevor: The Trojans and Their Neighbors (London: Routledge, 2006)

Burns, A. B.: Persia and the Greeks: The Defense of the West, C. 546-478 B.C., second edition with a postscript by D. M. Lewis (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1984)

Cantor, Norman: Alexander the Great: Journey to the End of the World (New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 2005)

Cartledge, Paul: The Greeks: Crucible of Civilization (New York: TV Books, 2000)

Cawkwell, George: The Greek Wars: Failure of Persia (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005)

Diodorus Siculus: Library of History, 12 Vols., translated by C. H. Oldfather and edited by C. B. Welles (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1954)

Grant, Michael: The Ancient Historians (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1970)

Henry, William P.: Greek Historical Writing: A Historical Essay Based on Xenophon’s Hellenica (Chicago: Argonaut Inc., Publishers, 1966)

Herodotus: The Histories of Herodotus, translated by George Rawlinson, edited by Manuel Komroff (New York: Tudor Publishing Company, 1956)

Herodotus: The History, translated by David Grene (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1987)

Herodotus: The Histories, Translated by Robin Waterfield, with an introduction and notes by Carolyn Dewald (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998)

Hignett, C: Xerxes' Invasion of Greece (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1963)

Hirsch, Steven, W.: The Friendship of the Barbarians: Xenophon and the Persian Empire (Hanover: University Press of New England, 1985)

Homer: Iliad, translated by Robert Fitzgerald (New York: Doubleday, 1974) 

Nadon, Christopher: Xenophon’s Prince: Republic and Empire in the Cyropaedia (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001)

Plutarch: Plutarch Lives, translated by John Dryden, edited with preface by Arthur Hugh Clough (New York: The Modern Library, 2001)

Tatum, James: Xenophon’s Imperial Fiction: on the Education of Cyrus (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989)

The Cambridge Illustrated History of Ancient Greece
, edited by Paul Cartledge (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998)

The Complete Writings of Thucydides: The Peloponnesian War
, the unabridged Crawley translation with an introduction by John H. Finley, Jr. (New York: The Modern Library, 1951)

The Landmark Herodotus: The Histories, edited by Robert Strassler (New York: Pantheon Books, 2007)

The Landmark Thucydides: A Comprehensive Guide to the Peloponnesian War, edited by Robert B. Strassler (New York: Free Press, 1996)

Thucydides: The Peloponnesian War, Translated, with Introductions and Notes, by Steven Lattimore (Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, Inc.,1998)

Toynbee, Arnold: Some Problems with Greek History (London: Oxford University Press, 1969)

Wallinga, H.T.: Xerxes's Greek Adventure: The Naval Perspective (Leiden: Brill, 2005)

Waterfield, Robin: Xenophon’s Retreat, Greece, Persia, and the End of the Golden Age (Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2006)

Xenophon: Anabasis, translated, W. H. D. Rouse (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1958)

Xenophon: Hellenica: A History of My Times, translated by Rex Warner (Suffolk: Penguin Books, 1979)

Xenophon: Xenophon, translated by Carlton L. Brownson, revised by John Dillery (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001)

Xenophon: The Education of Cyrus, translated and annotated by Wayne Ambler (Ithaca: Cornel University Press, 2001)


Judean

Ackroyd, Peter R.: Israel under Babylon and Persia (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1970)

Allen, Leslie C. and Laniak, Timothy S.: Ezra, Nehemiah, Esther (Peabody: Hendrickson Publishers, Inc., 2003)

Aramaic Documents of the Fifth Century B.C.
, abridged and revised edition by: G. R. Driver (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1965)

Bickerman, Elias: Four Strange Books of the Bible (New York: Schocken Books, 1967)

Carruthers, Jo: Esther Through the Centuries (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2008)

de Jong, Matthjis J.: Isaiah among the Ancient Near Eastern Prophets (Leiden: Brill, 2007)

Grant, Michael: The History of Ancient Israel (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1984)

Judah and the Judeans in the Persian Period, edited by Oded Lipschits and Manfred Oeming (Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 2006)

Jerusalem: An Archaeological Biography
, Hershel Shanks, editor, Biblical Archaeology Review (New York: Random House, 1995)

Jewish Documents of the Time of Ezra
, Translated from the Aramaic by A. Cowley (New York: The Macmillan Co., 1919)

Moreen, Vera Basch: In Queen Esther’s Garden: An Anthology of Judeo-Persian Literature (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000)

Ogden, Graham S.: “Moses and Cyrus: Literary Affinities Between the Priestly Presentation of Moses in Exodus VI-VIII and the
Cyrus Song in Isaiah XLIX 24 – XLV 13” Vetus Testamentum, Vol. 28, Fasc. 2. (Apr., 1978) pp. 195-203

Telushkin, Rabbi Joseph: Jewish Literacy (New York: William Morrow & Company, 1991, 2001)

The Cambridge History of Judaism
, edited by W. D. Davies and Louis Finkelstein, Volume One: Introduction; The Persian Period (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984)

The Context of Scripture. Volume II: Monumental Inscriptions from the Biblical World, edited by William W. Hallo and K. Lawson Younger, Jr. (Leiden: Brill, 2003)

The First Book of Samuel
, commented by Peter R. Ackroyd (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971)

The Five Books of Moses
, A translation with commentary by Robert Alter (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2004)

The Second Book of Samuel
, commented by Peter R. Ackroyd (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977)

Vermès, Géza: The Complete Dead Sea Scrolls in English (New York: The Penguin Press, 1962, 1997)
 

Makedonian

Alexander the Great: A Reader, edited by Ian Worthington (London: Routledge, 2003)

Arrian, The Campaigns of Alexander, translated by Aubrey De Sélincourt (London: Penguin Books, 1958)

Billows, Richard A.: Kings and Colonists: Aspects of Makedonian Imperialism (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1995)

Borza, Eugene N.: “Fire from Heaven: Alexander at Persepolis”, Classical Philology, Vol. 67, No. 4. (1972), pp. 233-245

Borza, Eugene N.: In the Shadow of Olympus: The Emergence of Makedon (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1990)

Bosworth, A. B.: Conquest and Empire: The Reign of Alexander the Great (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988)

Bosworth, A. B.: Alexander and the East (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998)

Bosworth, A. B.: The Legacy of Alexander: Politics, Warfare, and Propaganda under the Successors (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000)

Bosworth, A. B., and Baynham, E. J.: Alexander the Great in Fact and Fiction (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000)

Briant, Pierre: Alexander the Great: Man of Action, Man of Spirit, translated by Jeremy Leggatt (New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1987)

Brill’s Companion to Alexander the Great
, edited by Joseph Roisman (Leiden: Brill, 2003)

Brunt, P.A.: “Persian Account of Alexander’s Campaign”, The Classical Quarterly, New Series, Vol. 12, No. 1. (1962), pp. 141-155

Cartledge, Paul: Alexander the Great: The Hunt for a New Past (Woodstock: The Overlook Press, 2004)

Crossroads of History: the Age of Alexander
, edited by Waldemar Heckel and Lawrence A. Tritle (Claremont: Regina Books, 2003)

Engles, Donald W.: Alexander the Great and the Logistics of Macedonian Army (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978)

Fuller, John Frederick Charles: The Generalship of Alexander the Great (Cambridge: Da Capo Press, Perseus Book Group, Reprint of 1960 Edition)

Green, Peter: Alexander to Actium: The Historical Evolution of the Hellenistic Age (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990)

Green, Peter: Alexander of Makedon, 356-323 B.C.: A Historical Biography (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991)

Green, Peter: The Hellenistic Age (New York: The Modern Library, 2007)

Hamilton, J. R.: Alexander the Great (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1974)

Hammond
, N.G.L.: The Genius of Alexander the Great (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997)

Heckel, Waldemar: The Wars of Alexander the Great, 336-323 BC (New York: Routledge, 2002)

Heckel, Waldemar and Yardley, J. C.: Alexander the Great: Historical Sources in Translation (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2004)

Jouguet, Pierre: Macedonian Imperialism and the Hellenization of the East, translated by M. R. Dobie (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1928)

Stoneman, Richard: Alexander the Great, 2nd edition (New York: Routledge, 2004)

Tarn
, Sir William W.: Alexander the Great, 2 Vols. (London: Cambridge University Press, 1948)

The Cambridge Ancient History: Macedon, 401-301 B.C.,
Vol. 6, edited by J. B. Bury, S. A. Cook, and F. E. Adcock, 3rd Impression (Cambridge: University Printing House, 1964)

The Greek Alexander Romance
, translation: Richard Stoneman (London: Penguin Books, 1991)

Warry, John: Alexander 334-323 BC: Conquest of the Persian Empire (Westport: Praeger, 2005)

Wood, Michael: In the Footsteps of Alexander the Great: a Journey from Greece to Asia (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997)

Worthington
, Ian: Alexander the Great: Man and God (Harlow: Pearson Longman, 2004)

 
Mazdean

Avesta, Khorda Avesta: Book of Common Prayer
, digital edition, Joseph H. Peterson, 1995

Boyce, Mary: A History of Zoroastrianism, Vols. 1 and 2 (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1975, 1982, 1989)

Boyce, Mary: Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1985)

Boyce, Mary: A Persian Stronghold of Zoroastrianism (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1977)

Clark, Peter: Zoroastrianism: An Introduction to an Ancient Faith (Brighton: Sussex Academic Press, 1998)

Dhalla, Maneckji Nusservanji: History of Zoroastrianism (Bombay: The K. R. Cama Oriental Institute, 1963, 1985)

Mehr, Farhang: Zoroastrian Tradition (Costa Mesa: Mazda Publishers, Inc., 2003)

Sacred Books of the East
, Vol. 4, translated by James Darmesteter and L.H. Mills, edited by Max Müller, revised edition (New York: Collier, 1900)

The Zend Avesta of Zarathustra
, translated from the Zend, by Edmond Bordeux Szekley (British Columbia: International Biogenic Society, 1990)

Zaehner, R. C.: The Dawn and Twilight of Zoroastrianism (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1961)


Persian

Abraham, Kathleen: Business and Politics Under The Persian Empire: The Financial Dealings of Marduk-nâşir-apli of the House of Egibi (521-487 B.C.E.) (Bethesda: CDL Press, 2004)

Achaemenid History I: Sources, Structure and Synthesis,
edited by Heleen Sancisi-Weerdenburg (Leiden: Nederlands Instituut Voor Het Nabije Oosten, 1987)

Achaemenid History II: The Greek Sources,
edited by Heleen Sancisi-Weerdenburg and Amélie Kuhrt (Leiden: Nederlands Instituut Voor Het Nabije Oosten, 1987)

Achaemenid History III: Method and Theory,
edited by Amélie Kuhrt and Heleen Sancisi-Weerdenburg (Leiden: Nederlands Instituut Voor Het Nabije Oosten, 1988)

Achaemenid History V: The Roots of the European Tradition,
edited by H. Sancisi-Weerdenburg and J.W. Drijvers (Leiden: Nederlands Instituut Voor Het Nabije Oosten, 1990)

Achaemenid History VI: Asia Minor and Egypt: Old Cultures in a New Empire,
edited by Heleen Sancisi-Weerdenburg and Amélie Kuhrt (Leiden: Nederlands Instituut Voor Het Nabije Oosten, 1991)

Achaemenid History VIII: Continuity and Change,
edited by Heleen Sancisi-Weerdenburg, Amélie Kuhrt and Margaret Cool Root (Leiden: Nederlands Instituut Voor Het Nabije Oosten, 1994)

Achaemenid History IX: Persepolis Seal Studies,
by Mark B. Garrison and Margaret Cool Root (Leiden: Nederlands Instituut Voor Het Nabije Oosten, 1996)

Achaemenid History XI: Studies in Persian History: Essays in memory of David M. Lewis, edited by Maria Brosius and Amélie Kuhrt (Leiden: Nederlands Instituut Voor Het Nabije Oosten, 1998)

Achaemenid History XIII: A Persian Perspective,
edited by Wouter Henkelman and Amélie Kuhrt (Leiden: Nederlands Instituut Voor Het Nabije Oosten, 2003

Allan, Tony, Phillips, Charles, Kerrigan, Michael: Wise Lord of the Sky: Persian Myth, consultant Dr. Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis, Time-Life Books (London: Duncan Baird Publishers, 1999)

Allen, Lindsay: The Persian Empire (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005)

Birth of the Persian Empire
, edited by Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis & Sara Stewart, Vol. 1 (London: I.B. Tauris, 2005)

Boardman, John: Persia and the West: An Archaeological Investigation of the Genesis of Achaemenid Art (New York: Thames and Hudson, 2000)

Briant, Pierre: From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire, translated by Peter T. Daniels (Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 2002)

Brosius, Maria: Women in Ancient Persia: 559-331 BC (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996)

Brosius, Maria: The Persians: An Introduction (New York: Routledge, 2006)

Cameron, George G.: “Darius Carved History on Ageless Rock”, National Geographic Magazine, Vol. 98, No. 6. (1950), pp. 828-844

Chardin, Sir John: Sir John Chardin’s Travels in Persia, edited by N. M. Penzer, with an introduction by Brigadier-General Sir
Percy Sykes (London: The Argonaut Press, 1927)

Cook, J. M.: The Persian Empire (New York: Schocken Books, 1983)

Ctesias of Cnidus: Persica, summarized by Photios, translated by J. H. Freese, www.tertullian.org

Culican, William: The Medes and Persians (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1965)

Curzon, George N.: Persia and the Persian Question, Vol. 2 (London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1892)

Dandamaev, M. A.: A Political History of the Achaemenid Empire, translated by W. J. Vogelsang (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1989)

Dandamayev, Muhammad A.: Iranians in Achaemenid Babylonia (Costs Mesa: Mazda Publishers, 1992)

Dandamaev, Muhammad A. and Lukoniv, Vladimir: The Cultural and Social Institutions of Ancient Iran, English edition by Philip L. Kohl with the assistance of D. J. Dadson (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994)

Davis, Dick: Epic and Sedition: The Case of Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1992)
Eddy, Samuel K.: The King is Dead (Lincoln: The University of Nebraska Press, 1961)

Farrokh, Kaveh: Shadows in the Desert: Ancient Persia at War (Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2007)

Ferdowsi Toosi, Hakim Abol-Ghasem: The Shâhnâma of Firdausi, done into English by Arthur George Warner and Edmond Warner (London: K. Paul, Trench, Trübner, 1905-1925)

Ferdowsi Toosi, Hakim Abol-Ghasem: In the Dragon’s Claws: the Story of Rostam & Esfandiyar, from the Persian Book of Kings, translated & introduced by Jerome W. Clinton (Washington, DC: Mage Publishers, 1999)

Ferdowsi Toosi, Hakim Abol-Ghasem: Shâhnâmeh: The Persian Book of Kings, translated by Dick Davis (New York: Viking, 2006)

Ferdowsi Toosi, Hakim Abol-Ghasem: The Shâh Nâmah of Firdusî: The Book of the Persian Kings, translated in prose and verse by James Vere Stewart Wilkinson (London: Oxford University Press, 1931)

Forgotten Empire: The World of Ancient Persia
, edited by John E. Curtis and Nigel Tallis (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005)

Fried, Lisbeth S.: The Priest and The Great King: Temple-Palace Relations in the Persian Empire (Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 2004)

Frye, Richard N.: The Heritage of Persia (Cleveland: The World Publishing Company, 1963)

Ghirshman, Roman: The Arts of Ancient Iran: From its Origins to the Time of Alexander the Great, translated by Stuart Gilbert and James Emmons (New York: Golden Press, 1964)

Hallock, Richard T.: Persepolis Fortification Tablets (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969)

Hoglund, Kenneth G.: Achaemenid Imperial Administration in Syria-Palestine and the Missions of Ezra and Nehemiah (Georgia: Scholars Press, 1992)

Holland
, Tom: Persian Fire (New York: Double Day, 2005)

Iskandarnameh, A Persian Medieval Alexander-Romance
, translated by Minoo S. Southgate (New York: Columbia University Press, 1978)

Jackson, Williams, A. V.: Persia Past and Present (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1906)

Kent, Roland: Old Persian: Grammar, Texts, Lexicon, 2nd edition, revised (New Haven: American Oriental Society, 1953)

Khorasani, Manouchehr Moshtagh: Arms and Armor from Iran: The Bronze Age to the end of Qajar Period (Tübingen: Legat Publishers, 2006)


Kuhrt, Amélie: “The Cyrus Cylinder and Achaemenid Imperial Policy”, Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 25 (1983), pp 83-97. 

Kuhrt, Amélie: The Persian Empire: A Corpus of Sources from the Achaemenid Period (New York: Routledge, 2007)
 
Olmstead, A. T.: History of the Persian Empire (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1948)

Parisi, Daniel: "Of Ancient Empires and Modern Litigation", Tableau: The Division of the Humanities at the Chicago University  (Winter 2008), pp 11-19.

Payne, Robert: The Splendor of Persia (New York: Alfred A Knopf, 1957)

Persian Responses: Political and Cultural Interaction with (in) the Achaemenid Empire, edited by Christopher Tuplin (Swansea: The Classical Press of Wales, 2007)

Shahbazi, Shapur A.: Ferdowsî: A Critical Biography, Harvard University Center for Middle Eastern Studies (Costa Mesa: Mazda Publishers, 1991)

Stierlin, Henri: Splendors of Ancient Persia (Verchelli: White Star Publishers, 2006)

Studies in Persian History: Essays in memory of David M. Lewis
, edited by Maria Brosius and Amélie Kuhrt (Leiden: Nederlands Instituut Voor Het Nabije Oosten, 1998)

The Cambridge History of Iran: The Median and Achaemenian Periods
, edited by Ilya Gershevitch (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981)

The Legacy of Persia
, edited by A. J. Arberry (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1953, 1963)

The Splendour of Iran: Ancient Times
, edited by N. Pourjavady, Vol. 1, edited by A. Sh. Shahbazi (London: Booth-Clibborn Editions Limited, 2001)

Tolman, Herbert Cushing: A Guide to the Old Persian Inscriptions (New York: American Book Company, 1893) 

Wawrzyniak, James, A: "Rubin v. The Islamic Republic of Iran - A Struggle for Control of Persian Antiquities in America",  (2007)

Wiesehöfer, Josef: Ancient Persia: From 550 BC to 650 AD, translated by Azizeh Azodi (London: I.B. Tauris Publishers, 1996)


Sumerian

Crawford, Harriet: Sumer and the Sumerians, 2nd edition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004)

Kramer, Samuel Noah: Cradle of Civilization (New York: Time, Inc., 1967)

Woolley, C. Leonard: The Sumerians (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1965)